电脑ip地址是什么(电脑如何改ip地址)
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本文目录:
一、什么是IP地址
IP地址称作网络协议地址,是分配给主机的一个32位地址,由4个字节组成,分为动态IP地址和静态IP地址两种。接下来我为大家整理了什么是IP地址,希望对你有帮助哦!
IP地址(Internet Protocol Address)是一种在Internet上的给主机编址的方式,也称为网际协议地址。由32位二进制数组成,为便于使用,常以XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX形式表现,每组XXX代表小于等于255的10进制数。例如202.96.155.9。Internet中,IP地址是唯一的。目前IP技术可能使用的IP地址最多可有约42亿个。骤看可能觉得很难会用尽,但由于早期编码上的问题,使很多编码实际上被丢空或不能使用。加上因特网的普及,使每个家庭都至少有一部电脑,连同公司的电脑,以及连接每个网络的服务器,长此下去,专家担心随着Internet的发展,将不够用。所以相应的科研组织正在研究128位的IP地址,其IP地址数量最高可达 3.402823669 × 1038 个,地球上的每一粒沙子都可以拥有自己的IP地址,这种新版的IP地址技术叫IPv6。
An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique number that devices use in order to identify and communicate with each other on a network utilizing the Internet Protocol standard. Any participating device — including routers, computers, time-servers, internet FAX machines, and some telephones — must have its own unique address. This allows information passed onwards on behalf of the sender to indicate where to send it next, and for the receiver of the information to know that it is the intended destination.
The numbers currently used in IP addresses range from 1.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255, though some of these values are reserved for specific purposes. This does not provide enough possibilities for every internet device to have its own permanent number. Subnet routing, Network Address Translation and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server all allow local networks to use the same IP addresses as other networks elsewhere though both are connected to the Internet. Devices such as network printers, web servers and email servers are often allocated static IP addresses so they can always be found.
IP addresses are conceptually similar to phone numbers, except they are used in LANs (Local Area Network), WANs (Wide Area Network), or the Internet. Because the numbers are not easy for humans to remember, the Domain Name System provides a service analogous to an address book lookup called "domain name resolution" or "name resolution". Special DNS servers on the internet are dedicated to performing the translation from a domain name to an IP address and vice versa.
More detail
The Internet Protocol (IP) knows each logical host interface by a number, the IP address. On any given network, this number must be unique among all the host interfaces that communicate through this network. Users of the Internet are sometimes given a host name in addition to their numerical IP address by their Internet service provider.
The IP addresses of users browsing the World Wide Web are used to enable communications with the server of the Web site. Also, it is usually in the header of email messages one sends. In fact, for all programs that utilize the TCP/IP protocol, the sender IP address and destination IP address are required in order to establish communications and send data.
Depending on one's Internet connection the IP address can be the same every time one connects (called a static IP address), or different every time one connects, (called a dynamic IP address). In order to use a dynamic IP address, there must exist a server which can provide the address. IP addresses are usually given out through a server service called DHCP or the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. If a static address is used, it must be manually programmed into parameters of the device's network interface.
Internet addresses are needed not only for unique enumeration of hosted interfaces, but also for routing purposes, therefore a high fraction of them are always unused or reserved.
The unique nature of IP addresses makes it possible in many situations to track which computer — and by extension, which person — has sent a message or engaged in some other activity on the Internet. This information has been used by law enforcement authorities to identify criminal suspects; however dynamically-assigned IP addresses can make this difficult.
IP version 4
Addressing
In version 4 of the Internet protocol (IPv4), the current standard protocol for the Internet, IP addresses consist of 32 bits, which makes for 4,294,967,296 (over 4 billion) unique host interface addresses in theory. If all of these were used, that would be around one IP address per 21.3 square meters, or 70 square feet, of land. In practice, because addresses are allocated in blocks, many unused addresses are unavailable (much like unused phone numbers in a sparsely-populated area code), so that there is some pressure to extend the address range via IP version 6 (see below).
IPv4 addresses are commonly expressed as a dotted quad, four octets (8 bits) separated by periods. The host known as www.wikipedia.org currently has the number 3482223596, written as 207.142.131.236 in base-256: 3482223596 equals 207×2563 142×2562 131×2561 236×2560. (Resolving the name www.wikipedia.org to its associated number is handled by Domain Name System servers.)
IPv4 addresses were originally divided into two parts: the network and the host. A later change increased that to three parts: the network, the subnetwork, and the host, in that order. However, with the advent of classless inter-domain routing (CIDR), this distinction is no longer meaningful, and the address can have an arbitrary number of levels of hierarchy. (Technically, this was already true any time after the advent of subnets, since a site could elect to have more than one level of subnetting inside a network number.)
Assignment
Each interface of a device is assigned, at least theoretically, a unique IP address. In practice, some interfaces may be unnumbered, and many addresses are not globally unique.
The actual assignment of an address is not arbitrary. The fundamental principle of routing, that addresses encode information about a device's location within a network, implies that an address assigned to one part of a network will not function in another part of the network. A hierarchical structure, standardized by CIDR and overseen by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and its Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), manages the assignment of Internet address worldwide. Each RIR maintains a publically searchable WHOIS database that provides information about IP address assignments; information from these databases plays a central role in numerous tools which attempt to locate IP addresses geographically.
Exhaustion
Some private IP address space has been allocated via RFC 1918. This means the addresses are available for any use by anyone and therefore the same RFC 1918 IP addresses can be reused. However they are not routable on the Internet. They are used extensively due to the shortage of registerable addresses. Network address translation (NAT) is required to connect those networks to the Internet.
While a number of measures have been taken to conserve the limited existing IPv4 address space (such as the use of NAT and Private Addressing), the number of 32-bit IP addresses is not sufficient to accommodate the long-term growth of the Internet. For this reason, the plan is that the Internet 128-bit IPv6 addressing scheme will be adopted over the next 5 to 15 years.
IP version 5
What would be considered IPv5 existed only as an experimental non-IP real time streaming protocol called ST2, described in RFC 1819. In keeping with standard UNIX release conventions, all odd-numbered versions are considered experimental, and this version was never intended to be implemented; the protocol was not abandoned. RSVP has replaced it to some degree.
IP version 6
In IPv6, the new (but not yet widely deployed) standard protocol for the Internet, addresses are 128 bits wide, which, even with generous assignment of netblocks, should suffice for the foreseeable future. In theory, there would be exactly 2128, or about 3.403 × 1038 unique host interface addresses. If the earth were made entirely out of 1 cubic millimeter grains of sand, then you could give a unique address to each grain in 300 million planets the size of the earth. This large address space will be sparsely populated, which makes it possible to again encode more routing information into the addresses themselves.
Addressing
A version 6 address is written as eight 4-digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. For readability, addresses may be shortened in two ways. Within each colon-delimited section, leading zeroes may be truncated. Secondly, one string of zeroes (and only one) may be replaced with two colons (::). For example, all of the following addresses are equivalent:
1080:0000:0000:0000:0000:0034:0000:417A
1080:0:0:0:0:34:0:417A
1080::34:0:417A
Global unicast IPv6 addresses are constructed as two parts: a 64-bit routing part followed by a 64-bit host identifier.
Netblocks are specified as in the modern alternative for IPv4: network number, followed by a slash, and the number of relevant bits of the network number (in decimal). Example: 12AB::CD30:0:0:0:0/60 includes all addresses starting with 12AB00000000CD3.
IPv6 has many improvements over IPv4 other than just bigger address space, including autorenumbering and mandatory support for IPsec.
二、什么是IP地址?????
分类: 电脑/网络
问题描述:
我们上网时要用是吗还是....
解析:
尽管互联网上联接了无数的服务和电脑,但它们并不是处于杂乱无章的无序状态,而是每一个主机都有惟一的地址,作为该主机在Inter上的唯一标志。我们称为IP地址(Inter Protocol Address)。它是一串4组由圆点分割的数字组成的,其中每一组数字都在0-256之间,如:0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255;如,202.202.96.33就是一个主机服务器的IP地址。
另一种表示方法摆脱了数字的单调和难记的缺点,用域名DN(Domain Name)来表示,即代表该主机的一个文字名称,如.lg..是一家公司主机服务器的域名。DNS(Domain Name System)域名服务器系统将形象的文字型域名翻译成对应的数字型IP地址。通过上述IP,域名DN,域名系统DNS,就把每一台主机在Inter上给予了惟一的定位。
IP地址作用
就像每个电话用户有一个全世界惟一的电话号码一样,Inter中的每一台计算机也有单一的地址。为了使信息能够在Inter上准确快捷地传送到目的地,连接到Inter上的每台计算机必须拥有一个惟一的地址。
为每台计算机指定的地址是一组数字,称为Inter地址或IP地址。通过IP地址,就可以准确地找到连接在Inter上的某台计算机。
当SIP(Session Initiation Protocol,会话初始协议)最初构思时,其定位是将企业从PBX的垄断之中解脱出来,不用支付更高的维护费用,承担昂贵的硬件,或忍受由私有环境分类的有限选项。自从SIP引入以后情况发生了很大改变,但有一点一直没变:大多数企业仍和从前一样,紧紧束缚在昂贵的后端通话服务器上。
一个新的互联网草案:P2P(Peer-to-Peer,对等协议)版本的SIP,将有望改变这种状况。通过丢掉SIP的后端需求,将可以更容易配置安装以更低的成本来运行SIP协议。这将使SIP请求扩展到低端消费市场,并帮助其与P2P互联网电话业务供应商Skype竞争。它还能够扩展大型企业可利用的弹性选项范围。
目前的P2P SIP仍然处于萌芽阶段。虽然在哥伦比亚大学和W&M学院配置有这个协议,但P2P SIP草案的大部分内容仍未明确,还存在很多问题。例如如何保证一个无需集中授权的固定唯一的名址空间,互联网的e-mail地址最可能成为这个问题的一个选项,但这一论断仍有待验证。悬而未决的还有P2P SIP协议底层的数据库结构,出于SIP客户机的利益,一旦企业需要将代理服务器加入P2P SIP网络之中,数据库结构将很容易变得低效。
很明显该草案会给SIP厂商和业务供应商带来两难的抉择,但厂商会在多大程度上促进或抑制该技术的发展仍不明朗。Cisco系统公司语音技术小组著名工程师和互联网草案的共同创造者之一Cullen Jennings认为:“这是一个寻找问题的技术”。不论对于消费者有什么潜在的寓意,将P2P SIP带进客户机,将有可能减少基础架构和业务供应商用以保持其客户基础的关键成分。
如果P2P成功,它将与Skype供应商直接竞争,会给低端消费业务带来最大冲击,同时还会影响中小规模的企业市场。虽然SIP已获得很多成功,这其中包括被微软、IBM和其他电信运营商采纳,但其日常开支也限制了它在这些市场上的认同度。
由于使用私有的接口,Skype的成功已经迅速引起标准组织褒贬不一的注意。P2P SIP的出现会与Skype的“标准”保持平衡。虽然P2P SIP需要对SIP堆栈进行细微的补充,但由于允许现有SIP设备供应商只通过升级其SIP软件就可完成,这些补充也是名义上的。
不仅最终用户可在很多兼容的软件电话和常规电话之中进行选择,后端终端也能够从竞争中获利。与选择被授权的SkypeOut业务不同,无论Vonage还是MCI,任何SIP业务供应商都可将P2P SIP通话连接到PSTN上。
在企业世界中,P2P SIP目标定位于适当的应用。该协议特别适合需要低廉开支和快速建立的通信应用,例如用户希望进行小规模通信的特别会谈。协议对于中小型的远程办公室和缺少IT员工的公司也具备很大吸引力,通过在少数Wi-Fi电话和热点之间建立P2P SIP,可以为临时应用迅速构建一个通信网络,例如快速响应和新闻突发事件的应用场合。而当大型企业的大型办公场所出现代理故障时,该协议还可作为一种廉价冗余的机制,来保证设备的正常运行。
但由于P2P SIP草案没有关于如何管理VoIP网络的描述,它在企业中大规模的应用还存在疑问。基本上,P2P网络被认为是不具备管理能力的,所以不会有任何真正意义上的管理。市场和开发者都希望P2P系统能具备自管理能力,在任何情况下,起码在单客户机的基础上应该达到这个目标。
P2P SIP原理
P2P SIP草案规范了一个真正的无服务器网络。但很明显,实际上很多P2P网络是混合配置的,拥有用来进行注册和地址空间管理的服务器。Skype就是混合P2P网络的一个典型例子,今天的SIP网络实质上也是一个混合网络。
由于在网络中没有任何服务器,纯P2P网络有望变成规模可变的同时对故障拥有高度抵抗力的网络。但是其性能会成为另一个问题。早期的P2P网络可能会为寻找某个源文件而向多台机器产生搜索查询。即使其中一台返回了正确的结果,其他对等机器还可能在运行查询,这将消耗可贵的CPU周期。同时P2P文件共享网络也以其过度的带宽消耗而闻名,像目前广泛流行的MP3和MPEG共享应用。
P2P SIP采取一些措施来防止这些问题的发生。一个用户在远程节点存储的数据量,目前被限制在节点经过的ID和一个IP地址之间的映射中。甚至好友列表、配置参数和其它参量也被同样存储,但是这些信息不能超过几千字节。
更重要的一点是,与一台设备向所有其他设备盲目发出查询不同的是,查询要求会转交给一台具有搜索细化功能的机器。这是通过一个DHT(Distributed Hash Table,分布式复述列表)实现的,通过每个节点的IP地址产生一个唯一的编码来指向数据。在这种情况下,一般会使用通常用于数字签名的SHA-1复述函数。产生了整个网络的DHT之后,在P2P SIP网络的所有节点中分配DHT,每个节点可维护其中一部分列表。
三、网络IP地址是什么
网络是由若干节点和连接这些节点的链路构成,表示诸多对象及其相互联系。以下是我为大家收集的网络IP地址是什么,希望对大家有所帮助。
1、什么是IP地址?
我们知道,在Internet上有千百万台主机,为了区分这些主机,人们给每台主机都分配了一个专门的地址,称为IP地址,IP地址是一个32位的二进制数,是将计算机连接到Internet 的网际协议地址,它是Internet主机的一种数字型标识,一般用小数点隔开的十进制数表示,如168.160.66.119,而实际上并非如此。IP地址由网络标识(netid)和主机标识(hostid)两部分组成,网络标识用来区分Internet上互联的各个网络,主机标识用来区分同一网络上的不同计算机(即主机)。
IP地址由4部分数字组成,每部分都不大于256,各部分之间用小数点分开。
如果是独立IP,通过IP地址就可以访问到网站主机,例如“深圳之窗”的IP地址就是“119.147.50.92”,在您的浏览器上打入这个IP地址,就可以访问到深圳之窗的主页,使用独立IP,稳定和速度更有保障。
2、IP地址分类
1)、IP地址分为固定IP地址和动态IP地址。
固定IP地址,也可称为静态IP地址,是长期固定分配给一台计算机使用的IP地址,一般是特殊的服务器才拥有固定IP地址。
动态IP地址,是因为IP地址资源非常短缺,通过电话拨号上网或普通宽带上网用户一般不具备固定IP地址,而是由ISP动态分配给暂时的一个IP地址。普通人一般不需要去了解动态IP地址,这些都是计算机系统自动分配完成的。
2)、IP地址分为公有IP地址和私有IP地址。
公有地址(Public address,也可称为公网地址)由Internet NIC(Internet Network Information Center因特网信息中心)负责。这些IP地址分配给注册并向Internet NIC提出申请的组织机构。通过它直接访问因特网,它是广域网范畴内的。
私有地址(Private address,也可称为专网地址)属于非注册地址,专门为组织机构内部使用,它是局域网范畴内的,出了所在局域网是无法访问因特网的。
留用的内部私有地址目前主要有以下几类:
A类:10.0.0.0--10.255.255.255
B类:172.16.0.0--172.31.255.255
C类:192.168.0.0--192.168.255.255
拓展:网络IP地址的基本知识
IP地址是IP协议提供的一种统一的地址格式,它为互联网上的每一个网络和每一台主机分配一个逻辑地址,以此来屏蔽物理地址的差异。下面为大家介绍一些IP地址的基本知识!
一、IP地址的概念
我们知道因特网是全世界范围内的计算机联为一体而构成的通信网络的.总称。联在某个网络上的两台计算机之间在相互通信时,在它们所传送的数据包里都会含有某些附加信息,这些附加信息就是发送数据的计算机的地址和接受数据的计算机的地址。象这样,人们为了通信的方便给每一台计算机都事先分配一个类似我们日常生活中的电话号码一样的标识地址,该标识地址就是我们今天所要介绍的IP地址。根据TCP/IP协议规定,IP地址是由32位二进制数组成,而且在INTERNET范围内是唯一的。例如,某台联在因特网上的计算机的IP地址为: 11010010 01001001 10001100 00000010 很明显,这些数字对于人来说不太好记忆。人们为了方便记忆,就将组成计算机的IP地址的32位二进制分成四段,每段8位,中间用小数点隔开,然后将每八位二进制转换成十进制数,这样上述计算机的IP地址就变成了:210.73.140.2。
二、IP地址的分类
静态IP地址 是指给每一台计算机都分配一个固定的IP地址,优点是便于管理,特别是在根据IP地址限制网络流量的局域网中,以固定的IP地址或IP地址分组产生的流量为依据管理,可以免除在按用户方式计费时用户每次上网都必须进行的身份认证的繁琐过程,同时也避免了用户经常忘记密码的尴尬。静态IP地址是长期分配给一台计算机或网络设备使用的IP地址。一般来说,采用专线上网的计算机才拥有固定的IP地址。
动态IP地址 通过Modem、ISDN、ADSL、有线宽频、小区宽频等方式上网的计算机,在需要的时候才进行IP地址分配的方式。当你每一次上网时,电信会随机分配一个IP地址,每次上网所分配到的IP地址都不相同,这就是动态IP地址。因为IP地址资源很宝贵,大部分用户都是通过动态IP地址上网的。
三、IP地址互联网协议地址
(英语:Internet Protocol Address,又译为网际协议地址),缩写为IP地址(IP Address)。通俗的来说:IP地址就是和人居住的地址是一回事,它这个IP地址就是给连接Internet上的电脑分配一个地址。通过设置IP地址才能与Internet通信的主机建立连接,这样就可以通信上网了。
四、ip地址是指什么
IP地址
IP地址是分配给连接到计算机网络的每个设备的电子地址。IP首字母缩写词代表 Internet协议,通常由用户的Internet服务提供商 (ISP) 发布,是Internet将用户的搜索和查询的数据和结果发回的地址。
通常,IP地址以分层方式分配。它从国际数字分配机构 (IANA) 开始,IANA将IP地址分块分配给不同的区域互联网注册机构。每个区域互联网注册机构进一步将较小的IP地址块分配给国家互联网注册机构。接下来,每个国家的互联网注册机构再将IP地址块分配给各个ISP提供商。
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